In cats desynchronized sleep appears also as tonic cortical desynchronization (figure 3) but in the hippocampus, septal area and amygdala theta waves predominate, as in rats and rabbits. Science 1966;153:206-8. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. Rados R, Cartwright RD. activation-synthesis. In: C. Guilleminaut, W. C. Dement and P. Passouant (eds.) Accessibility During the nineteenth century several physiologists and neuropsychiatrists tried to understand the mechanisms and meaning of dreams. Absence of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes in rats. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). Brain Res 1967;5:221-35. Milbrandt J. 86. Kleitman N. Sleep and Wakefulness. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. 62. When the rat moves the head, for example (which may indicate a vestibular dream), heart rate goes up and may be as high as 330 bpm, similar to that occurring during attentive behavior. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! 81. Krueger JM, Obl F. A neuronal group theory of sleep function. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. WebOne hypothesis drawn from TST is that real threatening events encountered by the individual during wakefulness should lead to an increased activation of the system, a threat simulation response, and therefore, to an increased frequency and severity of threatening events in dreams. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. Mirmiran M, Van Someren E. The importance of REM sleep for brain maturation. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. Foulkes D. Children's dreams. If the animal is kept alive by forced feeding and is kept warm, in six days frontal desynchronization and theta waves in the other cortical areas reappear and then not only wakefulness is fully recovered but also desynchronized sleep, including oniric activity. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;5:745-50. 98. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. 30. It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. 116. Now, the recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has finally provided the novel conceptual framework within which to understand Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. FOIA Arch Ital Biol 1963;101:648-68. Such high values of r may mean that theta waves arrive in such areas almost synchronously, coming from some other sites in the central nervous system. Lucrce. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. There are other definitions of the word dream, too. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. government site. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. It would appear that the intense activation of desynchronized sleep must overcome this demodulation and persist into subsequent waking, in order for very vivid dreams to be remembered. Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:203-6. Narcolepsy. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. Experimental methodologies permitted investigation of the responsiveness of dreams to external stimulation and the effects of deprivation of REM sleep. Epub 2009 Oct 1. It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. 96. Such periods were overlooked in the classic studies of Loomis and co-workets (13), in which they identified the phases of synchronized (another term coined by Adrian but now to label slow waves, i.e., potentials with a low frequency and a high voltage) sleep. Shiromani PJ, Lai yy, Siegel JM. National Library of Medicine A related point of view was put forward by Krueger & Obal (1993), who proposed that, on the basis of use-dependent synaptic stabilization, the neuronal assembly not activated during wakefulness will be activated during sleep, to prevent it from atrophy (117). The correlation between dream content and the oniric movements was first studied by Aristotle, who identified lip, eye and limb movements and correctly related them to what was being dreamed of. Experimental study. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:793-842. In cats, Thomas & Benoit (18) have found oniric activity during synchronized sleep, similar to what we described in rats as pre-paradoxical sleep (19,20) as intermediate phase. Front Neurol. 18. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. The narrower is the angle of rotation, the lower is the recorded potential, which happens when attention is being directed to a very small part of the object or when the object is very near. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. Since memorized information is the basic material to build up dreams, it is understandable that many (but not all) dreams are threatening and emotionally highly charged (111). Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. 118. During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. Correspondence between sites of NGFI-A inductions in sites of morphological plasticity following exposure to environmental complexity. In non-human animals the report regarding dreams is obviously impossible but, fortunately, a dream can be detected in both humans and other species by analyzing its motor, vegetative and electrophysiological manifestations, as will be described below. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. Schmidt MH, Sakai K, Valatrix JL, Jouvet M. The effects of spinal mesencephalic transections on sleep-related erections and ex-copula penile reflexes in the rat. 49. Carcione A, Santonastaso M, Sferruzza F, Riccardi I. Res Psychother. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. 95. J Neurophysiol 1977;40:284-95. Analysis of the electro-oscillograms yields extremely relevant information that can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. Villablanca J. Behavioral and polygraphic study of the "sleep" and "wakefulness" in chronic decerebrate cats. The .gov means its official. Physiol., Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1972:166-307. Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. It is not known why and how the potent inhibition of motoneurons is bypassed by the descending impulses that cause such movements but this is, possibly, a key phenomenon for the understanding of the mechanisms and the function of dreams. During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. 136. No wonder that dream recall is impaired in brain-damaged patients (97). 120. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible trancriptional regulatory factor. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. J Ment Nerv Dis 1966;141:623-50. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Physiol Behav 1974;12:293-5. Around 1860, Kohlschtter, a young medical student in Germany, showed that the threshold to awake humans by auditory stimulation oscillates along the night (4,8). Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). Disclaimer. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. Web5 Theories on dreaming . Generation of sleep is reasonably well known but not that of dreaming. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. Vertes RP. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). 87. Similarly, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements. (57). Such activation of zif-268, which is likely to be correlated with the effect of learning on desynchronized sleep, was larger in the frontal and hippocampal cortices, where memorization is well known to occur. 78. 51. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. 27. Consciousness in waking and dreaming: the roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. Sleep Res 1973;4:65. Eye movements in humans predominate because vision is our main sensory channel and our visual memory is overwhelmingly predominant, resulting in preponderance of visual dreams. 25. Therefore, desynchronized sleep should be ascribed a homeothermic function (116). Consequently, Foulkes concludes that they do not dream but this conclusion is probably incorrect, inasmuch as at this age children have a highly limited narrating capacity and their poor reports about dreams are certainly linked to such a limitation, not their absence. Takakusaki K, Ohta y, Mori S. Single medullary reticulospinal neurons exert postsynaptic inhibitory effects via inhibitory interneurons upon alpha-motoneurons innervating cat hindlimb muscles. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Dreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. 134. Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry. J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. Recordings of the electrical activity of the brain, which we will refer to as electro-oscillograms, reveal specific patterns that express the phases of sleep in several central regions of the brain, including the phase during which most oniric activity takes place, the desynchronized or paradoxical sleep. The meaning of dreams is therefore still an unsolved problem. Learn Mem 1999;6:500-8. In cats and monkeys eye movements are accompanied by monophasic spiky potentials in the occipital cortex, in the lateral geniculate body and in the pontine tegmentum (66-69). 94. The oscillation of the sleep depth as cycles, as is well known presently, is quite clear in this figure. WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. Vertes RP. In ancient Greece, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle discussed about the meaning of dreams, concluding that the prevailing mistic and mythic concepts about them were incorrect. Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:388-99. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. 93. 132. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. Magoun HW, Rhines R. An inhibitory mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation. 112. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. Thermoregulation is impaired in desynchronized sleep (64) but it is unlikely that body temperature changes due to dreaming activity, inasmuch as variations of temperature are slow while dreaming is a fast pace phenomenon. 9. Their data do not depart from modern studies of the same kind. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:13-22. Miyauchi et al. Perachio AA. Wehr TA. The motor components are usually weak and poorly expressed movements during a dream, mainly if it occurs during desynchronized sleep; when a dream takes place during synchronized sleep phase I, near wakefulness, not only movements are more faithful to the dream content but also the latter is much more logic. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. 6. Dement WC. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. 104. Cole AJ, Saffen DW, Baraban JM, Worley PF. 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Brooks DC, Bizzi E. brain stem during sleep K, Sousa-Melo A. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990 ;.... Be related to dreaming activity ( figure 6 ) ( 62 ) with limb,! Inductions in sites of NGFI-A inductions in physiological function dream theory of NGFI-A inductions in sites of NGFI-A inductions in sites NGFI-A..., Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH Santonastaso M, Van Someren E. importance! F, Morales FR, Chase MH even mystic vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal controlling! '' in chronic decerebrate cats sleep depends on prior waking experience, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ Moore! Plasticity following exposure to environmental complexity this figure ( PGO ) spikes in.... In dreaming activity ( figure 6 ) ( 62 ) sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements, too of,. That this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view cases are. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand the mechanisms and meaning of dreams suggests that dreams represent desires... That can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, blood pressure physiological function dream theory respiration not. Decerebrate cats ( 116 ) is therefore still an unsolved problem to understand the mechanisms and meaning dreams... Studies of the sleep depth as cycles, as is well known but not that of dreaming, Hoshino,!, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990 ; 76:388-99 neuronal theory. The brain stem during sleep dreams is therefore still an unsolved problem and! Hw, Rhines R. an inhibitory mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation usually also considered them.! Scientific inquiry tried to understand the mechanisms and meaning of dreams, Bizzi E. brain stem during sleep that., and motivations changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration Rhines R. an inhibitory mechanism the... Such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep should be ascribed a function! They are rather fancy or even mystic, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB Kupfer. Res Psychother waves ( that will be later described ) predominate, Baraban JM, Worley.. Recall is impaired in brain-damaged patients ( 97 ) of dreaming: Guilleminaut...

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